National Capital Territory of Delhi

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Template:Pp-move-indef Template:Otheruses Template:Infobox Indian Jurisdiction Delhi (Template:Lang-hi, Template:Lang-ur Template:Transl), sometimes referred to as Dilli (Template:Lang-hi, Template:Lang-ur, Template:Lang-pa Template:Transl), is the second-largest metropolis in India, once part of the state of Punjab and, with over 11 million residents,<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/> the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population. The metropolis lies within the federally-administered union territory known as the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. This article is about both the metropolis and territory of Delhi.

Located on the banks of the River Yamuna in the National Capital Territory of northern India, Delhi has been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BC, according to archaeological evidence.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After the rise of the Delhi Sultanate, Delhi emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Indo-Gangetic plains.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains. In 1639, Mughal emperor Shahjahan built a new walled city in Delhi which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

After the British East India Company gained control of much of India during the 18th and 19th centuries, Calcutta became the capital both under Company rule and under the British Raj, until George V announced in 1911 that it was to move back to Delhi. A new capital city, New Delhi, was built to the south of the old city during the 1920s.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When India gained independence from British rule in 1947, New Delhi was declared its capital and seat of government. As such, New Delhi houses important offices of the federal government, including the Parliament of India.

Owing to the migration of people from across the country, Delhi has grown to be a cosmopolitan metropolis. Its rapid development and urbanisation, coupled with the relatively high average income of its population, has transformed Delhi.<ref name="dayal">Template:Cite journal</ref> Today Delhi is a major cultural, political, and commercial center of India.

Etymology

The etymology of "Delhi" is uncertain but many possibilities exist. The most common view is that its eponym is Dhillu or Dilu, a king of the Mauryan dynasty, who built the city in 50 BC and named it after himself.<ref name=dhillu>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=ecosurv1>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=geobritish>Template:Cite book</ref> The Hindi/Prakrit word dhili ("loose") was used by the Tuar Rajputs to refer to the city because the Iron Pillar built by Raja Dhava had a weak foundation and was replaced.<ref name=geobritish/> The coins in circulation in the region under the Rajputs were called dehliwal.<ref name=ncertVII>Template:Cite web</ref> Some other historians believe that the name is derived from Dilli, a corruption of dehleez or dehali—Hindi for 'threshold'—and symbolic of city as a gateway to the Indo-Gangetic Plains.<ref name=cohen>Template:Cite journal</ref> Another theory suggests that the city's original name was Dhillika.<ref name=dhilika>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

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Human habitation was probably present in and around Delhi during the second millennium BC and before, as evidenced by archeological relics.<ref name=tourhist>Template:Cite web</ref> The city is believed to be the site of Indraprastha, legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata.<ref name=ecosurv1/> Settlements grew from the time of the Mauryan Empire (c. 300 BC).<ref name=tourhist/> Remains of seven major cities have been discovered in Delhi. The Tomara dynasty founded the city of Lal Kot in 736 AD. The Chauhan Rajputs of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 AD and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora. The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by the Afghan Muhammad Ghori.<ref name=ecosurv1/> In 1206, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, the first ruler of the Slave Dynasty established the Delhi Sultanate. Qutb-ud-din started the construction the Qutub Minar and Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam), the earliest extant mosque in India.<ref name=ecosurv1/><ref name=Quwwat>Template:Cite web</ref> After the fall of the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic and Central Asian dynasties, the Khilji dynasty, the Tughluq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodhi dynasty held power in the late medieval period, and built a sequence of forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi.<ref>Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India</ref> In 1398, Timur Lenk invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too much tolerant to their Hindu subjects. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins.<ref>The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Timurid Empire)</ref> Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during the Sultanate period.<ref name=sufi>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1526, Zahiruddin Babur defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi, Agra and Lahore.<ref name=ecosurv1/>

The Mughal Empire ruled northern India for more than three centuries, with a five-year hiatus during Sher Shah Suri's reign in the mid-16th century.<ref name=shershah>Template:Cite web</ref> Mughal emperor Akbar shifted the capital from Agra to Delhi. Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name (Shahjahanabad), and is more commonly known as the "Old City" or "Old Delhi". The old city served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638. Nader Shah defeated the Mughal army at the huge Battle of Karnal in February, 1739. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne.<ref>Iran in the Age of the Raj</ref> In 1761, Delhi was raided by Ahmed Shah Abdali after the Third battle of Panipat. At the Battle of Delhi on 11 September, 1803, General Lake's British forces defeated the Marathas.

Delhi came under direct British control after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.<ref name=ecosurv1/> Shortly after the Rebellion, Calcutta was declared the capital of British India and Delhi was made a district province of the Punjab. In 1911, Delhi was declared the capital of British India and a new political and administrative capital was designed by a team of British architects led by Edwin Lutyens to house the government buildings. New Delhi, also known as Lutyens' Delhi, was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India and the capital of the republic after independence on 15 August, 1947. During the Partition of India thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab and Sindh fled to Delhi while many Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan. In 1984, three thousand Sikhs were killed in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues, contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.<ref name=migrationbirth>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi.<ref name=NCTact>Template:Cite web</ref> The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly, though with limited powers.<ref name=NCTact/> In December 2001, the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed Kashmiri militants resulting in the death of six security personnel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> India suspected Pakistan's hand in the attacks resulting in a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Delhi again witnessed terrorist attacks in October 2005 and September 2008 resulting in the deaths of 62<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and 30<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> civilians respectively.

Geography and climate

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The National Capital Territory of Delhi is spread over an area of Template:Convert , of which Template:Convert is designated rural, and Template:Convert urban. Delhi has a maximum length of Template:Convert and the maximum width of Template:Convert. There are three local bodies (statutory towns) namely, Municipal Corporation of Delhi (area is Template:Convert), New Delhi Municipal Committee (Template:Convert) and Delhi Cantonment Board (Template:Convert).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Delhi is an expansive area, in its extremity it spans from Sarup Nagar in the north to Rajorki in the south. Najafghar is the furthest point west, and the river Yamuna is its (relatively conservative eastern extremity). The NCR encompasses points south and east of the said border, namely Noida and DLF.

Oddly, the main expanse of Delhi does not follow a specific geographical features (for example, converse to London, which centered around the Thames, has its northern limit at its first Hill, Hampstead Heath, and its southern limit at the river, similarly it's western limit is the bottom of a basin - Paddington) The main city area of Delhi does not end until Saket in the South, whilst the northern limit is easily the Connaught Place, and the western limit is easily the NH8

Delhi is located at Template:Coord, and lies in northern India. It borders the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh on East and Haryana on West, North and South. Delhi lies almost entirely in the Gangetic plains. Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plain and the Delhi ridge. The low-lying Yamuna flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture. However, these plains are prone to recurrent floods. Reaching up to a height of 318 m (1,043 ft),<ref name=gisridge>Template:Cite web</ref> the ridge forms the most dominating feature in this region. It originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west, northeast and northwest parts of the city. Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. Most of the city, including New Delhi, lies west of the river. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara,Mayur Vihar,IP Extension and Vasundhara Enclave. Delhi falls under seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to major earthquakes. <ref name=hazardprofile>Template:Cite web</ref>

Delhi has a continental climate with high variation between summer and winter temperatures. Summers are long, from early April to mid-October, with the monsoon season in between. Winter starts in late October and peaks in January and is notorious for its heavy fog.<ref name=Fog>Template:Cite news</ref> Extreme temperatures range from −0.6 °C (30.9 °F) to Template:Convert.<ref name=coldDelhi>Template:Cite news</ref> The annual mean temperature is 25 °C (77 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 °C to 32 °C (56 °F to 90 °F).<ref name=weatherbase> Template:Cite web</ref> The average annual rainfall is approximately 714 mm (28.1 inches), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.<ref name=ecosurv1/> The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June.<ref name=hindumonsoon> Template:Cite news</ref>

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Civic administration

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As of July 2007, the National Capital Territory of Delhi comprises nine districts, 27 tehsils, 59 census towns, 165 villages and three statutory townsTemplate:Ndash the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD); the New Delhi Municipal Committee (NDMC); and the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB).<ref name="ecosurv0102chap3">Template:Cite web</ref>

The Delhi metropolitan area lies within the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). The NCT has three local municipal corporations: Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and Delhi Cantonment Board. MCD is one of the largest municipal corporations in the world providing civic amenities to an estimated 13.78 million people.<ref name="MCD"> Template:Cite web</ref> The capital of India, New Delhi, falls under the administration of NDMC. The chairperson of the NDMC is appointed by the Government of India in consultation with the Chief Minister of Delhi.

Delhi has four major satellite cities which lie outside the National Capital Territory of Delhi. These are Gurgaon and Faridabad (in Haryana), and NOIDA and Ghaziabad (in Uttar Pradesh). Delhi is divided into nine districts. Each district (division) is headed by a Deputy Commissioner and has three subdivisions. A Subdivision Magistrate heads each subdivision. All Deputy Commissioners report to the Divisional Commissioner. The District Administration of Delhi is the enforcing department for all kinds of State and Central Government policies and exercises supervisory powers over numerous other functionaries of the Government.

The Delhi High Court has jurisdiction over Delhi. Delhi also has Template:Dns; the Small Causes Court for civil cases, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. The Delhi Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, is one of the largest metropolitan police forces in the world.<ref name=largepolice>Template:Cite web</ref> Delhi is administratively divided into nine police-zones, which are further subdivided into 95 local police stations.<ref name=policestations>Template:Cite web</ref>

Government and politics

Earlier known as a special union territory, the National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, Council of Ministers and Chief Minister. The legislative assembly seats are filled by direct election from territorial constituencies in the NCT. However, the Union Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New Delhi. New Delhi, a city in Delhi, is the seat of both the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Government of India.

While services like transport and others are taken care of by the Delhi Govt., services such as the police are directly under the control of the Central Government. The legislative assembly was re-established in 1993 for the first time since 1956, with direct federal rule in the span. In addition, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj act. New Delhi, an urban area in Delhi, is the seat of both the State Government of Delhi and the Government of India. The Parliament of India, the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace) and the Supreme Court of India are located in New Delhi. There are 70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha (Indian parliament's lower house) constituencies in Delhi.<ref name=assmbconst>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=loksabhaconst>Template:Cite news</ref>

Delhi was a traditional stronghold of the Indian National Congress, also known as the Congress Party. In the 1990s the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) under the leadership of Madan Lal Khurana came into power. However in 1998, Congress regained power under Sheila Dixit, who is the incumbent Chief Minister. The Congress retained power in the Legislative Assembly in the 2003 and 2008 elections.

Economy

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With an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2007) of Rs. 1,182 billion (US$24.5 billion) in nominal terms and Rs. 3,364 billion (US$69.8 billion) in PPP terms,<ref name="delhigovt1">Budget Speech 2008-2009</ref><ref name=ecosurv2>Template:Cite web</ref> Delhi is the second largest commercial center in South Asia after Mumbai. In 2007, Delhi had a per capita income of Rs. 66,728 (US$1,450) at current prices, the third highest in India after Chandigarh and Goa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 25.2% and 3.85% contribution respectively.<ref name=ecosurv2/> Delhi's workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population showing an increase of 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.<ref name=ecosurv5>Template:Cite web</ref> Delhi's unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to 4.63% in 2003.<ref name=ecosurv5/> In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi.<ref name=ecosurv5/>

In 2001 the total workforce in all government (union and state) and quasi government sector was 620,000. In comparison, organised private sector employed 219,000.<ref name=ecosurv5/> Delhi's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism. Delhi's manufacturing industry has also grown considerably as many consumer goods industries have established manufacturing units and headquarters in and around Delhi. Delhi's large consumer market, coupled with the easy availability of skilled labour, has attracted foreign investment in Delhi. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers while the number of industrial units was 129,000.<ref name=ecosurv9>Template:Cite web</ref> Construction, power, telecommunications, health and community services, and real estate form integral parts of Delhi's economy. Delhi has India's largest and one of the fastest growing retail industries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, land prices are booming and Delhi is currently ranked the 7th most expensive office hotspot in the world, with prices at $145.16 per square foot.<ref name=IBEF>Template:Cite web</ref> As in the rest of India, the fast growth of retail is expected to affect the traditional unorganized retail trading system.<ref name=BBC070521>Template:Cite web</ref>

Utility services

The water supply in Delhi is managed by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). As of 2006, it supplied 650 MGD (million gallons per day) of water, while the water demand for 2005–06 was estimated to be 963 MGD.<ref name=ecosurv13>Template:Cite web</ref> The rest of the demand is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is the largest water source for DJB, followed by river Yamuna and Ganges.<ref name=ecosurv13/> With falling groundwater level and rising population density, Delhi faces severely acute water shortage. Delhi daily produces 8000 tonnes of solid wastes which is dumped at three landfill sites by MCD.<ref name=hinduwaste>Template:Cite news</ref> The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.<ref name=Delhirisks>Template:Cite web</ref> A large portion of the sewerage flows untreated into the river Yamuna.<ref name=Delhirisks/>

The city's per capita electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh but actual demand is much more.<ref name=ecosurv11>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1997, Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) replaced Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking which was managed by the MCD. The DVB itself cannot generate adequate power to meet the city's demand and borrows power from India's Northern Region Grid. As a result, Delhi faces a power shortage resulting in frequent blackouts and brownouts, especially during the summer season when energy demand is at its peak. Several industrial units in Delhi rely on their own electrical generators to meet their electric demand and for back up during Delhi's frequent and disruptive power cuts. A few years ago, the power sector in Delhi was handed over to private companies. The distribution of electricity is carried out by companies run by Tata Power and Reliance Energy. The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.<ref name=dfs>Template:Cite web</ref>

State-owned Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and private enterprises like Vodafone Essar, Airtel, Idea cellular, Reliance Infocomm and Tata Indicom provide telephone and cell phone service to the city. In May 2008, Airtel alone had approximately 4 million cellular subscribers in Delhi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cellular coverage is extensive, and both GSM and CDMA (from Reliance and Tata Indicom) services are available. Affordable broadband internet penetration is increasing in the city.<ref name=hindumtnl>Template:Cite news</ref>

Transport

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Public transport in Delhi is provided by buses, auto rickshaws and a rapid transit system. In 2008, the government of Delhi set aside Rs. 441.7 crores (US$97.3 million) for expenditure on roads, bridges and highways.<ref>EXPENDITURE ON IRRIGATION AND FLOOD CONTROL & ENERGY</ref>

Buses are the most popular means of transport catering to about 60% of the total demand.<ref name=ecosurv12>Template:Cite web</ref> The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus service provider for the city. The DTC operates the world's largest fleet of environment-friendly CNG buses.<ref name=DTC>Template:Cite web</ref> Though pollution from road transport has decreased in recent years, it is still at a high level.<ref name=yetpol>Template:Cite news</ref> A busway network, at present consisting of a single line between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate, is also under construction.

The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi. As of 2007, the Phase-I of the metro is operational and consists of three lines with a total length of 65 km (40 miles) and 59 stations while several other lines are under construction.<ref name=metrostations>Template:Cite web</ref> Line 1 runs between Rithala and Shahdara, Line 2 runs in an underground tunnel between Vishwa Vidyalaya and the Central Secretariat and Line 3 runs between Indraprastha, Barakhamba Road, and Dwarka. The Phase-II of the network is under construction and will have a total length of 128 km. It is expected to be completed by 2010, before the start of the 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Phase-I was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II will cost an additional US$4.3 billion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Phase-III and IV will be completed by 2015 and 2020 respectively, creating a network spanning 413.8 km, longer than that of the London Underground.<ref>map of extensions www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/images/metro_map_big.jpg</ref> DMRC is also constructing several multi-level parking systems across the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Auto rickshaws are one of the popular means of public transportation in Delhi, as they charge a lower fare than taxis. Most run on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and are yellow and green in colour. Although they are equipped with electronic meters, which are supposed to show the fare, these are rarely used and bargaining is the norm. Taxis are not an integral part of Delhi public transport, though they are easily available. Private operators operate most taxis, and most neighborhoods have a taxi stand from which taxis can be ordered or picked up. In addition, radio taxis, which can be ordered by calling a central number, have become increasingly popular. These are usually air-conditioned and charge a flat rate of Rs. 15 per kilometer.

Railways served only 1% of the local traffic until 2003.<ref name=ecosurv12/> However Delhi is a major junction in the rail map of India and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The four main railway stations are Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Sarai Rohilla and New Delhi Railway Station.<ref name=ecosurv12/> Delhi as the capital is connected to other cities through many highways and expressways. Delhi currently has three expressways and three are under construction that connect it with its prosperous and commercial suburbs. The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway connects Delhi with Gurgaon and the international airport. The DND Flyway and Noida-Greater Noida Expressway connect Delhi with two prosperous suburbs. Greater Noida is to have the new airport while Noida is to have the Indian Grand Prix.

Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI) is situated in the southwestern corner of Delhi and serves as the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2006–07, the airport recorded a traffic of more than 23 million passengers,<ref name="autogenerated1">Indira Gandhi International Airport</ref><ref name=essentialtravel>Template:Cite web</ref> making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. A new US$1.93 billion Terminal 3 is currently under construction and will handle an additional 34 million passengers annually by 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Further expansion programs will allow the airport to handle more than 100 million passengers per annum by 2020.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Safdarjung Airport is the other airfield in Delhi used for general aviation purpose.<ref name=safdur>Template:Cite web</ref>

Private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport.<ref name=ecosurv12/> At 1922.32 km of road length per 100 km², Delhi has one of the highest road densities in India.<ref name=ecosurv12/> Delhi is well connected to other parts of India by five National Highways: NH 1, 2, 8, 10 and 24. Roads in Delhi are maintained by MCD (Municipal Corporation of Delhi), NDMC, Delhi Cantonment Board, Public Works Department (PWD) and Delhi Development Authority.<ref name=roadauth>Template:Cite web</ref>

Delhi's high population growth rate, coupled with high economic growth rate has resulted in an ever increasing demand for transport creating excessive pressure on the city's existent transport infrastructure. As of 2008, Delhi had 55 lakhs (5.5 million) vehicles within its municipal limits, making it the most vehicle populous city of the world. Also, the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region, i.e., Delhi NCR (National Capital Region (India)) is 112 lakhs (11.2 million).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2008, there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1,000 of its residents.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In order to meet the transport demand in Delhi, the State and Union government started the construction of a mass rapid transit system, including the Delhi Metro.<ref name=ecosurv12/> In 1998, the Supreme Court of India ordered all public transport vehicles to use compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel instead of diesel and other hydro-carbons.<ref name=supremelaw>Template:Cite web</ref>

Demographics

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Many ethnic groups and cultures are represented in Delhi, making it a cosmopolitan city. A seat of political power and a centre of commerce, the city attracts workers—both blue collar and white collar—from all parts of India, further enhancing its diverse character. A diplomatic hub, home to the embassies of 160 countries, Delhi has a large expatriate population as well.

According to the 2001 Census of India, the population of Delhi that year was 13,782,976.<ref name=census01del>Template:Cite web</ref> The corresponding population density was 9,294 persons per km², with a sex ratio of 821 women per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of 81.82%. By 2003, the National Capital Territory of Delhi had a population of 14.1 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in India surpassing Mumbai.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=unpopulation>Template:Cite web</ref> This included 295,000 people living in New Delhi and another 125,000 in Delhi Cantonment. By 2004, the estimated population had increased to 15,279,000. That year, the birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate (per 1000 population) were 20.03, 5.59 and 13.08, respectively.<ref name=ecosurv3>Template:Cite web</ref> Currently the city's municipal population is expected to be 17 million, making it the world's most populous city<ref>List of cities by population</ref> (but not the most populous metropolitan region, that being Tokyo) According a 1999–2000 estimate, the total number of people living below the poverty line in Delhi was 1,149,000 (which was 8.23% of the total population).<ref name=ecosurv21>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2001, the population of Delhi increased by 285,000 as a result of migration and by an additional 215,000 as a result of natural population growth<ref name=ecosurv3/> – this made Delhi one of the fastest growing cities in the world. By 2015, Delhi is expected to be the second largest agglomeration in the world after Tokyo.<ref name=unpopulation/>

Hinduism is the religion of 82% of Delhi's population. There are also large communities of Muslims (11.7%), Sikhs (4.0%), Jains (1.1%) and Christians (0.9%) in the city.<ref>Indian Census</ref> Other minorities include Parsis, Anglo-Indians, Buddhists and Jews.<ref name=Lonelyplanet>Template:Cite web</ref>

Hindi is the principal spoken and written language of the city. Other languages commonly spoken in the city are English, Punjabi and Urdu. Of these, English is an associate official language, and Punjabi and Urdu second official languages. Linguistic groups from all over India are well represented in the city; among them are Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali, Assamese and Marathi. Punjabis,Yadavs, Jats and Gujjars are examples of the various ethnic communities in the city.

The oldest community in Delhi which is a unique community in itself is that of the Dilliwalas, which traces its history in Delhi back a few centuries.

In 2005, Delhi accounted for the highest percentage (16.2%) of the crimes reported in the 35 cities in India with populations of one million or more.<ref name=crmega>Template:Cite book</ref> The city also has the highest rate of crime against women (27.6 compared to national average rate of 14.1 per 100,000) and against children (6.5 compared to national average of 1.4 per 100,000) in the country.<ref name=crisnap>Template:Cite book</ref>

Culture

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Delhi's culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India. This is exemplified by the many monuments of significance found in the city; the Archaeological Survey of India recognises 175 monuments in Delhi as national heritage sites.<ref name=asimonuments>Template:Cite web</ref> The Old City is the site where the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architectural marvels like the Jama Masjid (India's largest mosque)<ref name=Jama>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> and Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites—the Red Fort, Qutab Minar and Humayun's Tomb—are located in Delhi.<ref name=whsite>Template:Cite web</ref> Other monuments include the India Gate, the Jantar Mantar (an 18th century astronomical observatory) and the Purana Qila (a 16th century fortress). The Laxminarayan Temple, Akshardham and the Bahá'í Lotus Temple are examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities. New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of the British colonial architecture. Important structures include the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung's Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style

Delhi's association and geographic proximity to the capital, New Delhi, has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in Delhi. On India's Independence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.<ref name=freedom>Template:Cite web</ref> The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.<ref name=repmil>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=repcul>Template:Cite web</ref>

Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of lights), Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak's Birthday, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Maha Shivaratri, Template:Dn and Buddha Jayanti.<ref name=repcul/> The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event.<ref name=qutubfest>Template:Cite news</ref> Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The Auto Expo, Asia's largest auto show,<ref name="autogenerated2" /> is held in Delhi biennially. The World Book Fair, held annually at the Pragati Maidan, is the second largest exhibition of books in the world with as many as 23 nations participating in the event.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> Delhi is often regarded as the "Book Capital" of India because of high readership.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Punjabi and Mughlai delicacies like kababs and biryanis are popular in several parts of Delhi.<ref>Delhi to lead way in street food Times of India</ref><ref name="India Today Food">Discovering the spice route to Delhi India Today</ref> Due to Delhi's large cosmopolitan population, cuisines from every part of India, including Rajasthani, Maharashtrian, Bengali, Hyderabadi cuisines, and South Indian food items like idli, sambar and dosa are widely available. Local delicacies include Chaat and Dahi-Papri. There are several food outlets in Delhi serving international cuisine including Italian and Chinese.

Historically, Delhi has always remained an important trading centre in northern India. Old Delhi still contains legacies of its rich Mughal past that can be found among the old city's tangle of snaking lanes and teeming bazaars.<ref name=slt>Template:Cite news</ref> The dingy markets of the Old City has an eclectic product range from oil-swamped mango, lime and eggplant pickles, candy-colored herbal potions to silver jewelry, bridal attire, uncut material and linen, spices, sweets.<ref name=slt/> Some of old regal havelis (palatial residences) are still there in the Old City.<ref name=jacob>Template:Cite journal</ref> Chandni Chowk, a three century old shopping area, is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris.<ref name=Chandni>Template:Cite web</ref> Notable among Delhi's arts and crafts are the Zardozi (an embroidery done with gold thread) and Meenakari (the art of enameling). Dilli Haat, Hauz Khas, Pragati Maidan offer a variety of Indian handicrafts and handlooms. However, the city is said to have lost its own identity and socio-cultural legacies as it went to absorb multitude of humanity from across the country and has morphed into an amorphous pool of cultural styles.<ref name=menon>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=dayal>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Education

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Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education, the NCT government, or private organizations. In 2004–05, there were 2,515 primary, 635 middle, 504 secondary and 1,208 senior secondary schools in Delhi. That year, the higher education institutions in the city included 165 colleges, among them five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges,<ref name=ecosurv15>Template:Cite web</ref> six universities—DU, JNU, JMI, GGSIPU, IGNOU and Jamia Hamdard—and nine deemed universities.<ref name=ecosurv15/> GGSIPU is the only state university; IGNOU is for open/distance learning; the rest are all central universities.

Private schools in Delhi—which employ either English or Hindi as the language of instruction—are affiliated to one of two administering bodies: the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) and the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE). In 2004–05, approximately 15.29 lakh (1.529 million) students were enrolled in primary schools, 8.22 lakh (0.822 million) in middle schools and 6.69 lakh (0.669 million) in secondary schools across Delhi.<ref name=ecosurv15/> Female students represented 49% of the total enrollment. The same year, the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.<ref name=ecosurv15/>

After completing the ten-year secondary phase of their education under the [[10+2+3 plan]], students typically spend the next two years either in junior colleges or in schools with senior secondary facilities, during which their studies become more focused. They select a stream of study—liberal arts, commerce, science, or, less commonly, vocational. Upon completion, those who choose to continue, either study for a three-year undergraduate degree at a college, or a professional degree in law, engineering, or medicine. Notable higher education or research institutes in Delhi include All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Delhi College of Engineering, Faculty of Management Studies, Indian Law Institute, Delhi School of Economics, and Indian Institute of Foreign Trade. According to a 2008 survey, about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Media

As the capital of India, New Delhi is the focus of political reportage, including regular television broadcasts of Indian parliament sessions. Many country-wide media agencies, among them the state-owned Press Trust of India and Doordarshan, are based in the city. Television programming in the city includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English and regional-languages cable channels offered by multi system operators. Satellite television, in contrast, is yet to gain large-scale subscribership in the city.<ref name=dthrediff>Template:Cite web</ref>

Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi. During the year 2004–05, 1029 newspapers—in thirteen languages—were published from the city. Of these, 492 were Hindi language newspapers, and included Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Punjab Kesari, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Desbandhu and fastest growing weekly The Stageman International.<ref name=rnidata>Template:Cite web</ref> Among the English language newspapers, The Hindustan Times, with over a million copies in circulation, was the single largest daily.<ref name=rnidata/> Other major English newspapers include Indian Express, Business Standard, Times of India, The Hindu, The Pioneer and Asian Age. Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi, although FM radio has been gaining ground<ref name=radiomass>Template:Cite web</ref> since the inauguration of several new FM channels in 2006.<ref name=asiawaves>Template:Cite web</ref> A number of state-owned and private radio stations broadcast from Delhi, including All India Radio (AIR), one of the world's largest radio service providers, which offers six radio channels in ten languages. Other city-based radio stations include Big FM (92.7 FM), Radio Mirchi (98.3 FM), Fever (104.0 FM), Radio One (94.3 FM), Red FM (93.5 FM), Radio City (91.1 FM), Hit 95 (95.0 FM) and Meow (104.8FM).

Sports

As in the rest of India, cricket is the most popular sport in Delhi.<ref name=popular>Template:Cite web</ref> There are several cricket grounds (or maidans) located across the city, including the Feroz Shah Kotla stadium, one of the oldest cricket grounds in India also has the status as venue for international cricket matches. The Delhi cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy, a domestic first-class cricket championship.<ref name=ranji>Template:Cite web</ref> The city is also home to the IPL team Delhi Daredevils, and ICL team Delhi Jets (earlier named Delhi Giants). Other sports such as field hockey, football (soccer), tennis, golf, badminton, swimming, kart racing, weightlifting and table tennis are also popular in the city.

Sports facilities in Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium and the Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium. In the past, Delhi has hosted several domestic and international sporting events, such as the First and the Ninth Asian Games.<ref name=asianbid>Template:Cite news</ref> The coming years will see the city host the 2010 Commonwealth Games, projected to be the largest multi-sport event ever held in the city. Delhi lost bidding for the 2014 Asian Games,<ref name=hindulostbid>Template:Cite news</ref> but is bidding for 2020 Olympic Games.<ref name=asianbid/><ref name=olympicbid> Template:Cite web</ref> Delhi was chosen by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile to host the first ever Indian Grand Prix in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Sister Cities

Delhi has the following sister cities:

• Chicago, United States
• New York City, United States
• Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
• Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• London, United Kingdom
• Melbourne, Australia
• Moscow, Russia
• Seoul, South Korea
• Tokyo, Japan

Delhi Image Gallery

Lotus Temple is a Bahá'í House of Worship and the Mother Temple of the Indian Subcontinent.	Laxminarayan Temple is one of the most famous Vaishnavite temple in India.	The Akshardham Temple in Delhi is the largest Hindu temple complex in the world.	The Jama Masjid is the largest mosque in Asia-Pacific. <ref>http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u_MNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RHkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4765,1141957&dq=jama+masjid+largest+mosque</ref>
Gurdwara Bangla Sahib is the most prominent Sikh gurdwara, or Sikh house of worship, in Delhi. It is instantly recognisable by its stunning golden dome and tall flagpole.	At 72.5 meters, the 13th century Qutub Minar is the world's tallest brick minaret.	The Red Fort is the site from which the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on Independence Day.	Yantra Mandir consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments, built by Maharaja Jai Singh II between 1727 to 1734.
Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq at Tughlaqabad Fort.	Humayun's Tomb is one of Delhi's most famous landmarks. The monument has an architectural design similar to the Taj Mahal.	Sikandar Lodhi's Mausoleum called the Sheesh Gumbad (glass dome) for its internal glass decorations at Lodhi Gardens, Delhi.	Safdarjung's Tomb is a garden tomb in a marble mausoleum.
Nizamuddin Dargah is the Mausoleum of the famous Sufi Saint Nizamuddin Auliya, Delhi.	Tomb of Mohammed Shah in the Lodhi Gardens, New Delhi.	Sher Mandal in Purana Qila stands on an ancient mound. Excavations near its eastern wall reveal that the site has been continuously occupied since 1000 BC.	Sansad Bhavan or The Parliament of India.
The North Block, built in 1931 during the British Raj, houses key government offices.	Rashtrapati Bhavan is the presidential palace.	The India Gate is one of the most famous monuments in Delhi. Built in the memory of more than 90,000 Indian soldiers who lost their lives during the Afghan Wars and World War I.	Raj Ghat, the memorial to Mahatma Gandhi, it is a simple black marble platform that marks the spot of his cremation on 31 January, 1948.
The Rajpath in Raisina Hill, New Delhi.	File:Barakhambaroad.jpg

See also

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• List of tourist attractions in Delhi
• National Capital Region of India

References

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External links

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Government

• Directory of Indian Government Websites, Delhi
• Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi
• Municipal Corporation of Delhi
• New Delhi Municipal Council

Other

• Lonely Planet guide

• Template:Wikitravel

Further reading

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